• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Top Companies
    • Printing Inks
    • Raw Materials
    • Equipment
    • Directories
    • Events
    • Jobs
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Top Companies
  • Printing Inks
  • Raw Materials
  • Equipment
  • Directories
  • Events
  • Jobs
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eBook
    Top Features
    The 2022 Packaging Ink Report

    The UV Ink Market Continues to Thrive

    The Conductive Ink Market is Showing Growth

    The 2022 Resin Report

    EU Chemicals Sector Embarks on Transition Pathway
    Breaking News
    Distributor News
    Financial News
    Industry News
    Ink Manufacturers News
    Market Research
    Mergers and Acquisitions
    New Products
    Personnel
    Price Increases
    Printers News
    Suppliers News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Weekly Recap: Zeller+Gmelin, Sun Chemical and Kornit Top This Week’s News

    Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look

    hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time

    Award for Sustainability: Evonik Receives Platinum Rating Again

    Nazdar Ink Technologies to Showcase Latest Ink Innovations at FESPA Global Print Expo 2022
    Top North American Companies
    Top International Companies
    Conductive Inks and Printed Electronics
    Graphic Arts Coatings
    Inkjet Inks and Toners
    Marking and Pad Printing Inks
    News Inks
    Packaging Flexo Inks
    Packaging Gravure Inks
    Publication Gravure Inks
    Publication Offset Inks
    Screen Inks
    Sheetfed Inks
    Specialty Inks
    UV and EB Inks

    Weekly Recap: Zeller+Gmelin, Sun Chemical and Kornit Top This Week’s News

    Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look

    RadTech 2022 Highlights Next Level Formulations

    Nazdar Ink Technologies to Showcase Latest Ink Innovations at FESPA Global Print Expo 2022

    Epson Introduces First Direct-to-Fabric Printer for North America
    Additives
    Energy-Curable Materials
    Flushed Colors and Pigments
    Metallics and Special Effects Pigments
    Resins
    Vehicles and Varnishes
    Waxes

    RadTech 2022 Highlights Next Level Formulations

    hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time

    PETRONAS Chemicals Group to Acquire Perstorp Group

    Ingevity Announces Price Increase for Pine Chemical-Based Products

    Carbon Black Producer Birla Carbon to Increase North American Prices
    Energy-Curing Equipment
    Mills and Mixers
    Testing, Color and QC

    RadTech 2022 Highlights Next Level Formulations

    RadTech 2022 Highlights UV/EB Opportunities in Electronics

    ROSS Mixers Restored to Like-New Condition

    UV Curing System Market Worth $8.6 Billion by 2026: MarketsandMarkets

    byko-visc Offers New RT Rotational Viscometer
    Buyers Guide
    Distributor Guide
    European Ink Directory
    U.S. Ink Directory
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    ARCOLOR AG

    Brilliant Group, Inc.

    Evonik Corporation

    Clariant

    Custom Milling and Consulting
    Industry Events
    Live from Show Event
    Webinars
    Top Events
    Middle East Coatings Show 2022

    Labelexpo Americas 2022
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Departments
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Directory
      • Buyers Guide
      • Distributor Guide
      • European Ink Directory
      • U.S. Ink Directory
      • Trade Associations
    • Printing Inks
      • Conductive Inks and Printed Electronics
      • Graphic Arts Coatings
      • Inkjet Inks and Toners
      • Marking and Pad Printing Inks
      • News Inks
      • Packaging Flexo Inks
      • Packaging Gravure Inks
      • Publication Gravure Inks
      • Publication Offset Inks
      • Screen Inks
      • Sheetfed Inks
      • Specialty Inks
      • UV and EB Inks
    • Raw Materials
      • Additives
      • Energy-Curable Materials
      • Flushed Colors and Pigments
      • Metallics and Special Effects Pigments
      • Resins
      • Vehicles and Varnishes
      • Waxes
    • Equipment
      • Energy-Curing Equipment
      • Mills and Mixers
      • Testing, Color and QC
    • Top Companies
      • Top North American Companies
      • Top International Companies
    • Online Exclusives
    • Slideshows
    • Expert's Opinion
    • Videos
    • eBook
    • Podcasts
    • Blog
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Jobs
    • Supplier Microsites
      • Companies
      • Literature / Brochures
      • Whitepapers
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Videos
      • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    COVID-19 and the Raw Material Market

    Solvents, pigments, pigment intermediates, and other specialty chemicals were impacted by the pandemic.

    COVID-19 and the Raw Material Market
    Related CONTENT
    • Flint CPS’ Global Commercial Leadership Team Reflect on Challenging Market Conditions
    • Flint Group Narrow Web Introduces Evolution Series of Coatings for Enhanced Recycling
    • Sun Chemical to Increase Prices on Inks, Coatings, and Adhesives in North America
    • Flint Group Packaging Inks Launches ONECode Universal Bases in Europe
    • Flint Group Announces Sale of XSYS Division to Lone Star Affiliate
    David Savastano, Editor09.21.20
    Ink industry purchasing executives have a difficult job as it is, as they try to plan for potential cost increases and supply crunches while making sure that manufacturing is running smoothly. For these purchasing executives, 2020 is a year they won’t forget, as the COVID-19 pandemic ravaged the globe.

    In speaking with industry leaders, they noted that delays and price increases have become the new normal. For example, Jeffrey Shaw, chief supply chain officer, Sun Chemical, said that the pandemic caused significant disruption in global supply chains as well as price volatility in some key raw material categories.

    “Shifting demand away from industrial applications to healthcare use exerted pressure on solvents,” he pointed out. “Additionally, the global supply of pigments, pigment intermediates, and various specialty chemicals were threatened by compromised distribution channels and limited available labor.”

    Arno de Groot, VP Flint Group Packaging procurement, noted that COVID-19 impacted both the demand as well as the supply side in the ink industry.

    “In particular, in March and April we experienced much higher demand due to panic shopping in the supermarkets as well as the tendency to increase stocks at our customers,” said de Groot. “On the other hand, on the supply side, operations and suppliers were confronted with a higher absence rate in combination with tighter border controls, lockdowns and availability of transport (sea and air particular) that resulted in less reliability and predictability.”

    Arash Babai, director of global purchasing for Siegwerk, noted that the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic presented supply chains with unpredictable challenges.

    “The flow of goods transport got strongly disrupted and supply chains came to an almost complete standstill,” Babai added. “This resulted in a need for immediate mitigation by means of careful inventory management and a strong operational focus on inbound logistics. Siegwerk’s entire inbound supply chain is geared towards efficiency, also taking into account certain risk factors and volatility. But systemic risks, like weeks of a complete shutdown, are usually not calculated in the medium-term business and risk planning.”

    Rick Westrom, SVP of strategic sourcing for INX International Ink Co., reported that in the beginning there was a delay in receiving materials from China, but after a month the situation improved.

    “Many of our raw material suppliers hold inventory for us in the US, which has been a tremendous benefit,” added John Hrdlick, INX International Ink’s president and CEO. “As soon as the COVID-19 supply situation was becoming evident, they increased those stocks as well for our facilities.”

    Shaw noted that as far as a supply chain impact in general, all regions around the world were and are still impacted.

    “Areas in Asia have been a primary focus for us as many materials are sourced from regions such as China, India, etc. Although we monitor these regions regularly, COVID-19 has triggered us to monitor purchase orders and supply positions daily, especially as the situation was changing rapidly,” Shaw added.

    “The COVID-19 impact also affected all players in the global supply chain, including over-the-road carriers, ocean freight carriers, and warehouse and distribution center providers, among others,” Shaw noted. “Frequent communication and data sharing remain critical, even at this time, in order for our fully integrated supply chain to be effective to meet customer demand, volumes and requirements.”

    Key Materials Under Siege

    The impacts on key raw materials occurred for different reasons. For example, some solvents like isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were rerouted to important health supplies such as hand sanitizers. Pigments, pigment intermediates and other specialty chemicals that typically came from China and Asia were limited as plants were shuttered.

    Shortages also brought with them cost increases, and even if products could be located, transportation was disrupted.

    “Generally, all categories from pigments and resins to solvents and additives were of concern at some point in time, closely correlating with the global evolution of the pandemic’s footprint and affected supply markets,” Siegwerk’s Babai reported. “While overseas supplies mostly came along with transportation interruptions causing an increase of costs to manage alternative supply sources, domestic bottlenecks arose from competing demand of raw materials in other sectors, such as solvents for disinfectants.”

    Shaw said that the primary areas of concern have been pigments and pigment intermediates sourced from China and India. A few issues around specialty chemicals were also a concern.

    “Alcohol-based solvents used in sanitizing applications were also affected as demand in the health care industry significantly escalated and supply priorities shifted away from industrial use,” Shaw noted. “Propanol became very tight as it was being approved for use in sanitizing applications in other continents, in addition to IPA and ethanol. This has applied sustained pressure on prices and is forecasted to continue, but not at the same levels reached during the peak of demand.”

    Westrom observed that IPA demand and pricing has increased dramatically due to the increased usage of sanitizers and cleaners.

    “The demand and pricing for ethanol have also increased since it and denatured alcohols were following the same path as isopropyl alcohol (IPA),” said Westrom. “Those customers who could not get IPA formulas switched over to ethanol and led to the higher demand. The demand for propyl became tighter because N-propyl alcohol has been approved for use in hand sanitizers, and N-propyl acetate is made from N-propyl alcohol.”

    “Materials with extended lead times as well as N-propanol, ethanol and isopropanol - all being used for hand sanitation products - were of most concern,” de Groot said.

    Even as the initial pandemic abated somewhat, supply remained tight.

    “I think our vendors and INX have reacted very well,” said Hrdlick. “By taking proactive measures in the beginning, it continues to carry us through these difficult times.”

    “The same raw materials have been our primary focus during the pandemic. There will always be secondary issues with respect to our extended supply chain that occur downstream with our suppliers. As we encounter delays in these areas, we are able to qualify or use alternate sources previously approved through our global supply chain efforts and diversify our raw material portfolio,” Shaw observed.

    “I would say that the challenges we have seen at the start of the pandemic became manageable and business runs as it did before the COVID-19 crisis,” said de Groot.

    “There have not been any further supply challenges,” Babai noted. “All in all, we have seen an increased demand for inks and coatings during the pandemic as they are essential for the manufacturing of packaging ensuring access to critical supplies for system relevant food, pharma and hygiene products.”

    The Concept of Nearshoring

    With an eye on what is occurring with raw material supply globally, including political concerns such as tariffs, some companies are looking at the concept of “nearshoring,” or transferring operations closer to home. That comes with investment costs, which can hinder such decisions.

    “Some suppliers have conveyed success in geographically consolidating their sourcing and reducing their activity in China,” Sun Chemical's Shaw said. “This was driven by a number of issues starting with tariff concerns, and is now further motivated by COVID-19 driven supply chain challenges.”

    “Chemical markets have been truly global for quite some time now and the entire supply chain is based on comparative advantage, scale and also innovation in manufacturing process design,” Babai said. “As production capacities are still in place and running in our dominant supply markets, we believe that market mechanisms will prevent nearshoring to a large extent. Strategy-wise, Siegwerk sees more value in sufficient supply-portfolio diversification, also geographically, which also proved to be the right and only working concept in Q2-2020; nearshoring to a large extent would only pool the risk in one’s home country but not on a global base.”

    Flint Group's de Groot noted that there are discussions but, so far, there is little evidence of suppliers moving production closer to home.

    “We should also understand this requires investments and with the future uncertainty, it is not likely to happen soon,” de Groot said. “I believe that political tensions might be a bigger driver for moving production and supply chains.”

    Changes in the Era of COVID-19

    The world of business has seen dramatic changes during 2020, and as companies have evolved, many of these changes are likely to continue during the coming years.

    “These are very challenging and unprecedented times,” Shaw said. “Global supply chains continue to get tested repeatedly. Our goal is to make sure our supply chain is well-positioned to respond to any upcoming hurdles, whether it is a COVID-19 wave two, potential panic buying wave two, or an increase in potential trade wars, along with any other geopolitical events. Also, the potential challenges introduced with United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) compliance versus The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have driven more effort toward domestic sourcing and regional manufacturing strategies.”

    “The COVID-19 pandemic has certainly created changes in how we do business, and I think some of these changes will carry forward,” Hrdlick concluded. “We are rethinking our plans for business travel, meeting formats and additional activities that we’ve learned to handle in dramatically different ways, all without any negative impact on our business.” 
    Related Searches
    • Energy-Curable Materials
    • Flushed Colors and Pigments
    • Additives
    • Resins
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Flushed Colors and Pigments
    • Additives
    • Resins
    Suggested For You
    Flint CPS’ Global Commercial Leadership Team Reflect on Challenging Market Conditions Flint CPS’ Global Commercial Leadership Team Reflect on Challenging Market Conditions
    Flint Group Narrow Web Introduces Evolution Series of Coatings for Enhanced Recycling Flint Group Narrow Web Introduces Evolution Series of Coatings for Enhanced Recycling
    Sun Chemical to Increase Prices on Inks, Coatings, and Adhesives in North America Sun Chemical to Increase Prices on Inks, Coatings, and Adhesives in North America
    Flint Group Packaging Inks Launches ONECode Universal Bases in Europe Flint Group Packaging Inks Launches ONECode Universal Bases in Europe
    Flint Group Announces Sale of XSYS Division to Lone Star Affiliate Flint Group Announces Sale of XSYS Division to Lone Star Affiliate
    The Printing Ink Industry in India The Printing Ink Industry in India
    Metal Ink Presentations Headline INX International’s Participation at Latamcan Metal Ink Presentations Headline INX International’s Participation at Latamcan
    MNYPIA Returns to the Links! MNYPIA Returns to the Links!
    Sun Chemical Expands Colorant Portfolio Certified with ECO PASSPORT by OEKO-TEX Sun Chemical Expands Colorant Portfolio Certified with ECO PASSPORT by OEKO-TEX
    Day International Issues Price Increases for Printing Blankets Day International Issues Price Increases for Printing Blankets
    Sun Chemical Launches Lead-Free Paliotan VIU Pigments Portfolio Sun Chemical Launches Lead-Free Paliotan VIU Pigments Portfolio
    INX International to Offer Digital, Conventional Solutions at PRINTING United in Florida INX International to Offer Digital, Conventional Solutions at PRINTING United in Florida
    Direct-to-Object Printing is Overcoming Challenges Direct-to-Object Printing is Overcoming Challenges
    DCL Corporation Acquires Sun Chemical’s Performance Pigments Plant in South Carolina DCL Corporation Acquires Sun Chemical’s Performance Pigments Plant in South Carolina
    Flint Group Heads to SuperCorrExpo 2021 Flint Group Heads to SuperCorrExpo 2021

    Related Features

    • Ink Manufacturers News | Resins | Suppliers News
      The 2022 Resin Report

      The 2022 Resin Report

      Sustainability is among the key criteria in sourcing resins for inks.
      David Savastano, Editor 03.24.22

    • Flushed Colors and Pigments | Suppliers News
      The Pigment Industry Rebounds in 2022

      The Pigment Industry Rebounds in 2022

      The pigment industry saw growth in the printing ink segment, but supply chain issues are a serious concern.
      David Savastano, Editor 02.07.22

    • Additives | Flushed Colors and Pigments | Ink Manufacturers News | Resins | Suppliers News | Sustainability | Waxes
      Raw Materials are Critical to Sustainability

      Raw Materials are Critical to Sustainability

      Ink manufacturers are asking their raw material suppliers to help them meet sustainability goals.
      David Savastano, Editor 02.07.22


    • Additives | Energy-Curable Materials | Flushed Colors and Pigments | Ink Manufacturers News | Price Increases | Resins | Suppliers News | Waxes
      Supply Chain Challenges Continue Into 2022

      Supply Chain Challenges Continue Into 2022

      The global economy is experiencing the most unprecedented supply chain volatility in recent memory.
      Terry Knowles, European Editor 02.07.22

    • Flushed Colors and Pigments | Personnel | Suppliers News
      Chris Allen Receives Pioneer Award

      Chris Allen Receives Pioneer Award

      Allen is global key account management for Sun Chemical Performance Pigments.
      David Savastano, Editor 02.07.22

    • Additives | Personnel | Suppliers News | Vehicles and Varnishes

      Michael P. Gerkin Receives Pioneer Award

      Gerkin is president and CEO of Kustom Group.
      David Savastano, Editor 02.07.22


    • Additives | Energy-Curable Materials | Energy-Curing Equipment | Flushed Colors and Pigments | Ink Manufacturers News | Metallics and Special Effects Pigments | Mills and Mixers | Resins | Suppliers News | Testing, Color and QC | Vehicles and Varnishes | Waxes
      The Buyers’ Guide

      The Buyers’ Guide

      Ink World’s Annual Buyers’ Guide
      Dave Savastano, Editor 10.14.21

    • Additives | Ink Manufacturers News | Suppliers News | Waxes
      Packaging Continues to Drive Growth in Additives Market

      Packaging Continues to Drive Growth in Additives Market

      Dispersants remain the largest segment by volume for ink additives, followed by slip/rub materials.
      David Savastano, Editor 07.19.21

    • Ink Manufacturers News | Resins | Suppliers News
      Ink Manufacturers Look for Sustainability from Resins

      Ink Manufacturers Look for Sustainability from Resins

      Experts place the market for ink resins at $6 billion, with sales of resins for packaging ink doing particularly well.
      David Savastano, Editor 04.15.21


    • Flushed Colors and Pigments | Industry News | Ink Manufacturers News | Suppliers News
      Final PV29  Risk Evaluation  Produces Mixed Conclusions

      Final PV29 Risk Evaluation Produces Mixed Conclusions

      ...
      David Wawer, CPMA Executive Director 04.15.21

    • Flushed Colors and Pigments | Ink Manufacturers News | Suppliers News
      The State of the Pigment Industry in 2021

      The State of the Pigment Industry in 2021

      The pigment market is growing and ink industry leaders talk about their key requirements from suppliers.
      David Savastano, Editor 02.01.21

    • Additives | Flushed Colors and Pigments | Ink Manufacturers News | Resins | Suppliers News
      Sustainability and the Raw Material Market

      Sustainability and the Raw Material Market

      Key suppliers say that ink manufacturers are putting greater emphasis on sustainability.
      David Savastano, Editor 11.13.20


    • Flushed Colors and Pigments | Metallics and Special Effects Pigments | Suppliers News
      The 2020 European Pigments Report

      The 2020 European Pigments Report

      Key ingredients, including intermediates and pigments, are a concern during COVID-19.
      Sean Milmo, European Editor 05.18.20

    • Resins | Suppliers News
      Resins Market  Still Growing Despite  COVID-19 Uncertainty

      Resins Market Still Growing Despite COVID-19 Uncertainty

      Packaging industry growth to drive the ink resins market.
      Anthony Locicero, Associate Editor 05.18.20

    • Additives | Suppliers News | Waxes
      The 2020 Additives Market

      The 2020 Additives Market

      COVID-19, sustainability are key issues for leading additives suppliers.
      David Savastano, Editor 05.18.20

    Breaking News
    • Weekly Recap: Zeller+Gmelin, Sun Chemical and Kornit Top This Week’s News
    • Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look
    • hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time
    • Award for Sustainability: Evonik Receives Platinum Rating Again
    • Nazdar Ink Technologies to Showcase Latest Ink Innovations at FESPA Global Print Expo 2022
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    April 2022

    • The 2022 Packaging Ink Report
    • The UV Ink Market Continues to Thrive
    • The Conductive Ink Market is Showing Growth
    • The 2022 Resin Report
    • EU Chemicals Sector Embarks on Transition Pathway
    • Overview of Ink Demand in Asian Ceramic Industry
    • Industry Gears Up for the 2022 American Coatings Show and Conference
    • Defining - Evaluating Impurities, IAS, NIAS, and NLS (Part 2)
    • Needham Group Embraces New Technologies
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe
    Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board
    Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    What Are You Reading?
    Teknos Receives EcoVadis Gold Medal for Sustainability Performance
    AkzoNobel and Partners Team Up to Hack Carbon Reduction Challenges
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    MPO's Most-Read Stories This Week—May 21
    Iterative Scopes Expands its Senior Leadership Team
    Viz.ai Raises $100 Million in Series D Funding
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online
    MG America Appoints Claudio Radossi as President
    Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Authentic Beauty Concept Launches Second-Generation ‘Refill Bar’
    HASK Beauty Enters Exclusive Partnership with Amazon
    Garance Doré Launches Made in France Skincare Line
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    P&G Closes HQ Due To Security Threat, Launches New Hair Care Line
    SPF Setting Spray, Lip Contour and Knotless Braids Are Hot Trends: Spate
    Nutrafol Launches Collagen Infusion
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Weekly Recap: Zeller+Gmelin, Sun Chemical and Kornit Top This Week’s News
    Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look
    hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Brook + Whittle's new acquisition, SunDance goes to HP and more
    Specialty announces move to new facility
    Mark Andy hosts dealer's open house in Warsaw
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Weekly Recap: Kimberly-Clark to Expand Diaper, Wipes Production in Brazil; The Honest Company to Sell Diapers, Wipes at Walmart & More
    3M to Expand in Nebraska
    Nicely Offers Nonwoven Slitters, Winders
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    ODT's Most Read Stories This Week—May 21
    FDA Clears Anika Therapeutics' X-Twist Knotless Fixation System
    Paragon 28 Rolls Out TenoTac 2.0 Hammertoe and Soft Tissue Repair
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Weekly Recap: Graphene Flagship, Japan Display and LG Display Top This Week’s Stories
    Evonik Launches New Processing Aids for PV Wafer Cutting
    NREL Creates Highest Efficiency 1-Sun Solar Cell

    Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login